[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":73},["ShallowReactive",2],{"q-fire-109-1-fire-science-030":3},{"subject":4,"subjectSlug":5,"subjectKicker":6,"subjectShort":7,"question":8,"related":27,"sameNumber":52,"hasEssay":26},"火災學概要","fire-science","火災學 · Fire Science","火災學",{"id":9,"webId":10,"year":11,"session":12,"subject":4,"number":13,"stem":14,"options":15,"answer":20,"answerNote":21,"images":22,"imagesPending":23,"lawTimestamp":11,"explanation":24,"explanationDeep":25,"freq":12,"indexable":26},"fire-109-1-火災學概要-030","fire-109-1-fire-science-030",109,1,30,"海龍替代滅火藥劑中，下列何者在大氣之滯留時間最久？",{"A":16,"B":17,"C":18,"D":19},"FM-200","Halon 1301","PFC-410","FE-13","C",null,[],false,"本題考點：海龍替代滅火藥劑的大氣滯留時間(大氣壽命)比較，屬環境衝擊指標的辨識題。\n【正解理由】全氟碳化物(PFC)的分子僅由碳與氟構成、不含氫，碳氟鍵鍵能極高，在對流層幾乎不與氫氧自由基反應，必須上升至平流層以上由短波紫外線光解才會分解，因此大氣滯留時間可長達數千年，遠高於含氫的氫氟碳化物與含溴的海龍。PFC-410 即全氟丁烷(C₄F₁₀)，屬此類藥劑，故選 C。\n【逐項排除】\n(A) 錯誤。FM-200 為 HFC-227ea，分子中含氫，可在對流層被氫氧自由基攻擊而分解，大氣滯留時間約數十年，是四者中最短者。\n(B) 錯誤。Halon 1301 含溴，臭氧破壞潛勢最高、已受管制，但其大氣滯留時間約數十年，明顯短於全氟碳化物。\n(C) 正確。PFC-410 無氫、全為碳氟鍵，缺乏對流層的分解途徑，滯留時間以千年計，為四者中最久。\n(D) 錯誤。FE-13 為 HFC-23，同樣含氫而可在對流層分解，滯留時間約數百年，長於 FM-200 卻仍遠短於 PFC-410。\n【記憶點】看有沒有氫：分子不含氫的 PFC 最難被分解，在大氣中待最久。","海龍替代藥劑的環境評估有三個並列指標，命題時常拿來互相混淆。臭氧破壞潛勢(ODP)以 CFC-11 為 1，取決於分子是否含氯或溴——溴的臭氧破壞效率遠高於氯，這是海龍 1301、1211 被優先淘汰的原因；不含氯溴的 HFC 與 PFC，ODP 均為零。全球暖化潛勢(GWP)以二氧化碳為 1，取決於分子的紅外線吸收能力與大氣壽命的乘積，因此壽命極長的 PFC 其 GWP 動輒上萬。大氣滯留時間(atmospheric lifetime)則單看分解速率，主要由分子能否被對流層的氫氧自由基攻擊決定。三者不是同一件事：ODP 高不等於壽命長，本題選項刻意把 ODP 最惡名昭彰的 Halon 1301 放進來，就是要測驗考生會不會用「最有害」直覺取代「最持久」的判準。\n\n判斷大氣壽命的實用法則是看分子含不含氫。含氫的 HFC(如 FM-200 的 HFC-227ea、FE-13 的 HFC-23)在對流層即可被氫氧自由基奪氫而啟動分解，壽命從數十年到數百年不等；不含氫的 PFC 只剩平流層光解一條路，壽命跨越千年尺度。海龍含溴，碳溴鍵較弱且易光解，壽命反而落在數十年量級。因此四者由長至短的排序為 PFC-410、FE-13、Halon 1301、FM-200。\n\n易混淆概念對照：藥劑的滅火機制與環境指標是兩條獨立的軸。海龍與 HFC 靠溴或氫自由基參與鏈鎖反應的負觸媒(化學抑制)作用滅火；PFC 與惰性氣體類藥劑則主要靠稀釋氧氣與吸熱冷卻的物理作用。另需分清「潔淨藥劑」的共同要求是不導電、不殘留、對人體毒性低，而環境友善程度則各不相同。\n\n延伸考點：蒙特婁議定書管制的是 ODP(針對海龍與 CFC)，京都議定書後續的氣候協議管制的是 GWP(針對 HFC 與 PFC)，兩份文件管的目標不同，這組對照幾乎每隔幾年就會以選擇題形式出現。",true,[28,32,36,40,44,48],{"webId":29,"stem":30,"number":31,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-109-1-fire-science-029","有關防火塗料敘述，下列何者錯誤？",29,{"webId":33,"stem":34,"number":35,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-109-1-fire-science-031","建築物火災在閃燃發生後之全盛期火災的特性，不包括下列何者？",31,{"webId":37,"stem":38,"number":39,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-109-1-fire-science-028","森林火災的種類與敘述，下列何者正確？",28,{"webId":41,"stem":42,"number":43,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-109-1-fire-science-032","已知天花板噴流溫度攝氏 135℃，天花板噴流速度 1.8 m\u002Fs，環境初始溫度 20℃，感知撒水頭作動溫度攝氏 72℃，反應時間指數 67(m1\u002F2s1\u002F2)，感知撒水頭作動時間為下列何者？（提示： ln115=4.74, ln63=4.14）",32,{"webId":45,"stem":46,"number":47,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-109-1-fire-science-027","下列有關泡沫滅火劑，何者敘述正確？",27,{"webId":49,"stem":50,"number":51,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-109-1-fire-science-033","乙醇之燃燒化學反應式為下列何者？ 9 3",33,[53,57,61,65,69],{"webId":54,"year":55,"stem":56,"number":13},"fire-111-1-fire-science-030",111,"下列對高樓逃生通道設計原則的描述，何者錯誤？",{"webId":58,"year":59,"stem":60,"number":13},"fire-110-1-fire-science-030",110,"某建築物火場產生大量煙霧，正向煙囪效應在中性帶以上 10 公尺處的壓力差為 12 Pa，若建築物內、外的溫度差不變，請問中性帶以上 20 公尺處的壓力差為何？",{"webId":62,"year":63,"stem":64,"number":13},"fire-108-1-fire-science-030",108,"下列何種措施，可以防止由大樓窗口噴出的火焰向上層延燒？",{"webId":66,"year":67,"stem":68,"number":13},"fire-107-1-fire-science-030",107,"固體燃料火焰延燒最快的方式為下列何者？",{"webId":70,"year":71,"stem":72,"number":13},"fire-106-1-fire-science-030",106,"依照 McCaffrey 火羽流理論，下列何者正確？",1785123162932]