[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":73},["ShallowReactive",2],{"q-fire-111-1-fire-science-032":3},{"subject":4,"subjectSlug":5,"subjectKicker":6,"subjectShort":7,"question":8,"related":27,"sameNumber":52,"hasEssay":26},"火災學概要","fire-science","火災學 · Fire Science","火災學",{"id":9,"webId":10,"year":11,"session":12,"subject":4,"number":13,"stem":14,"options":15,"answer":20,"answerNote":21,"images":22,"imagesPending":23,"lawTimestamp":11,"explanation":24,"explanationDeep":25,"freq":12,"indexable":26},"fire-111-1-火災學概要-032","fire-111-1-fire-science-032",111,1,32,"下列何者非油槽火災發生沸溢或濺溢的主要因素？",{"A":16,"B":17,"C":18,"D":19},"熱波","輻射熱","地震","水蒸氣","C",null,[],false,"本題考點：油槽火災沸溢與濺溢的成立要件，問的是何者不屬於主要因素。\n【正解理由】沸溢的成立必須同時具備三個條件：其一是油品沸點範圍寬廣，表面輕質成分先行燒失、殘留高沸點成分下沉，形成溫度可達數百度並持續向下傳遞的熱波；其二是槽底存在水墊層或油中含有水分；其三是熱波抵達水層後，水瞬間汽化、體積膨脹約一千七百倍，將上層油品整片頂出槽外。濺溢則是射水或雨水落入高溫油面立即汽化，把表層油濺出。地震屬外力破壞因素，會造成儲槽變形、洩漏或浮頂沉沒，卻不參與熱波、水、汽化這條因果鏈，故選 C。\n【逐項排除】\n(A) 熱波是沸溢的核心機制，其向下傳遞速度大於液面下降速度時才會抵達水層而引發噴溢，屬主要因素。\n(B) 輻射熱使油面持續受熱、維持高溫燃燒並促成熱波形成與推進，為沸溢過程中的相關熱傳因素。\n(C) 地震與熱波形成、水層汽化均無因果關係，屬儲槽破壞的外力因素，為本題應選者。\n(D) 水受熱汽化為水蒸氣所產生的體積膨脹，正是把油品頂出槽外的動力來源，為必要因素。\n【記憶點】沸溢等於寬沸程油品加水加熱波，三者缺一不可，地震不在其中。","沸溢與濺溢是儲槽火災章節最常出現的一組對照題，兩者都以水的汽化膨脹為動力，差別在水從哪裡來以及發生的時機。沸溢的水在槽底，是長期儲存過程中隨油品帶入或因水分冷凝沉積而形成的水墊層；濺溢的水則來自滅火射水或降雨，落在高溫油面上立刻汽化，把表層油噴濺到槽外，規模較小、可能反覆發生，也出現得較早。沸溢須等待熱波下傳至水層，通常在起火後數十分鐘至數小時才發生，規模大而突發，是火場人員傷亡的重要來源，因此重質油儲槽火災的處置原則之一是掌握熱波位置並維持撤離動線。\n熱波形成的前提是油品具有寬廣沸程。原油、重油含輕重不同的成分，表面輕質先蒸發燃燒，剩下的高沸點成分密度較大而下沉，把熱量帶往深層，形成一層溫度遠高於初始沸點的高溫層並持續向下推進；相對地，汽油、煤油這類沸程較窄的油品，燃燒面下方溫度梯度陡峭，不易形成熱波，故一般不發生沸溢。\n數值方面要牢記水在一大氣壓下由液態變為水蒸氣體積約膨脹一千七百倍，這個數字同時解釋了水系滅火設備對一般火災的窒息效率，也解釋了為何不得對高溫重質油面直接射水。與此相關的另一個名詞是油品溢流，指熱油注入含水容器時因水汽化而溢出，其過程不必伴隨燃燒，考題常拿來與沸溢作對照辨析。\n延伸考點方面，儲槽火災的滅火主流為泡沫覆蓋，藉泡沫層阻隔可燃蒸氣，但泡沫中的水分若大量沉入高溫油層亦可能誘發濺溢，故泡沫的放射方式與液面下注入法的差異也是常見命題點；此外浮頂槽、固定頂槽的火災型態差異，以及可燃性液體閃火點與沸點的關係，都會與本題概念一併出現。",true,[28,32,36,40,44,48],{"webId":29,"stem":30,"number":31,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-111-1-fire-science-031","常見消防機關宣導，使用延長線勿將其綑綁，以免引發火災，究其原因為何？",31,{"webId":33,"stem":34,"number":35,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-111-1-fire-science-033","執行危害性化學品災害搶救指導原則（HAZMAT），下列有關區域管制（Zoning）敘述何者錯誤？",33,{"webId":37,"stem":38,"number":39,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-111-1-fire-science-030","下列對高樓逃生通道設計原則的描述，何者錯誤？",30,{"webId":41,"stem":42,"number":43,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-111-1-fire-science-034","下列何者非細水霧滅火系統的特性？",34,{"webId":45,"stem":46,"number":47,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-111-1-fire-science-029","建築物內部裝潢材料對閃燃時間（F.O.T.）的影響，下列敘述何者錯誤？",29,{"webId":49,"stem":50,"number":51,"year":11,"session":12},"fire-111-1-fire-science-035","下列何者為乾粉最主要滅火原理？",35,[53,57,61,65,69],{"webId":54,"year":55,"stem":56,"number":13},"fire-110-1-fire-science-032",110,"有關爆炸性物質之特性，下列何者正確？",{"webId":58,"year":59,"stem":60,"number":13},"fire-109-1-fire-science-032",109,"已知天花板噴流溫度攝氏 135℃，天花板噴流速度 1.8 m\u002Fs，環境初始溫度 20℃，感知撒水頭作動溫度攝氏 72℃，反應時間指數 67(m1\u002F2s1\u002F2)，感知撒水頭作動時間為下列何者？（提示： ln115=4.74, ln63=4.14）",{"webId":62,"year":63,"stem":64,"number":13},"fire-108-1-fire-science-032",108,"下列有關防止靜電災害的方法中，何者錯誤？",{"webId":66,"year":67,"stem":68,"number":13},"fire-107-1-fire-science-032",107,"下列何者並非防火區劃構件構造之性質？",{"webId":70,"year":71,"stem":72,"number":13},"fire-106-1-fire-science-032",106,"火場能見度與煙霧消光係數有密切關係，若以煙霧的質量光學密度 Dm（m2\u002Fg）代表煙霧密度，假定在長 8m、寬 6m、高 3m 之實驗室燃燒 600g 之聚氯乙烯（PVC），其 Dm＝0.12 m2\u002Fg，試估算實驗室內發光避難指示燈之能見度為何？",1785123162128]